Aeroponics is (onion aeroponics) a method of growing plants in air without soil, by spraying roots with a nutrient-rich mist. This clean, soilless approach uses vastly less water than traditional farming – NASA reports up to 98% water savings – and it lets crops grow year-round with no soil-borne pests or residues. Richard J. Stoner II is widely called the “father of modern aeroponics.” In the 1980s he turned aeroponics from a laboratory idea into a practical commercial technology.
Stoner founded companies (notably Genesis Technology Inc (modern agriculture). and later AgriHouse/Aeroponics International) and patented key systems that suspended plants in a humid chamber and misted their roots. His inventions laid the groundwork for today’s indoor and vertical farms.
Richard Stoner: The Pioneer
Modern agriculture faces urgent challenges: global food demand is expected to rise by 60% by 2050, yet arable land and freshwater resources are shrinking. Controlled environment agriculture (CEA), especially aeroponics, is emerging as a solution. Richard J. Stoner II, a leading figure in this space, made foundational contributions in the 1980s that helped shape the future of sustainable farming.
Stoner was an American inventor and entrepreneur who focused on agricultural innovation. In 1983 he filed the first patent on aeroponic cultivation and soon founded Genesis Technology Inc. (GTI) in Colorado to develop the technology.
His first product was called the “Genesis Machine,” named after the Star Trek “Genesis Device,” symbolizing a new beginning in farming. This system created the world’s first closed-loop mist chamber for plants. By 1985 Stoner had patented that chamber design and began marketing Genesis units worldwide.
These units used a sealed reservoir and nozzles to spray a fine mist of nutrients onto plant roots (we will describe this below). Stoner’s goal was to solve problems of food and water scarcity: he often noted that aeroponics uses roughly 90–95% less water than conventional farming, and can dramatically boost growth rates.
In the late 1980s Stoner broadened his work under the company AgriHouse (also called Aeroponics International). There he teamed with Colorado State University researchers to develop an organic plant immune booster (called Organic Disease Control) for aeroponic growth.
NASA took notice of his results. In 1997, NASA contracted with AgriHouse and Stoner to test aeroponic farming on the Russian space station Mir. NASA was attracted by the low-water, closed-system advantages of Stoner’s designs: growing plants without soil would save payload weight and eliminate the need for pesticides on spacecraft.
The Mir experiment (on bean seedlings) showed his methods worked in microgravity, gaining “credibility in the commercial marketplace” and spurring further research. In short, by the 1990s Stoner was recognized as a pioneer proving that soilless, mist-based cultivation could be efficient, productive, and safe – both on Earth and in space.
The Stoner Method: Core Innovations and Patents
As of 2025, the aeroponics industry is valued at over $2.4 billion globally and is projected to grow rapidly with increasing urbanization and food insecurity. Richard Stoner’s patented inventions from the 1980s and 1990s still form the backbone of this thriving sector.
Stoner’s aeroponic system centered on a pressurized, recirculating mist chamber. The basic design (patented in the mid-1980s) involved an enclosed box in which plant roots hung in air.
- A pump (often venturi-based) drew up nutrient solution and sprayed it as a fine mist onto the roots.
- Excess fluid then drained back into a reservoir to be reused.
- A timer or microcontroller cycled this process on and off at set intervals.
Together, these elements created a sterile, high-oxygen root environment where water and nutrients were delivered very efficiently.
A NASA report describes how Stoner’s “Genesis Series V” system worked: cuttings or seeds were placed in foam collars at the top of the chamber, then a hydro-atomized nutrient mist was released at timed intervals by a microcomputer. In practice this meant plants developed roots twice as fast or more than in soil, with no stretching or wilting during rooting.
Key features of Stoner’s patented system included:
i. High-pressure nutrient mist: Stoner’s chamber sprayed a very fine, high-velocity mist of liquid nutrients directly onto the suspended roots. This maximized oxygen exposure at the root zone and ensured thorough nutrient absorption.
ii. Enclosed, recirculating chamber: The roots grew inside a sealed box, keeping humidity near 100% and preventing contamination. Any excess nutrient solution simply drained out of the chamber and back into the reservoir. In effect, the system continuously recycled water and nutrients with minimal waste.
iii. Timed cycle control: A built-in timer (or computer) controlled the pump, usually on a cycle of seconds-on and minutes-off. This kept roots moist but allowed them to receive air between misting bursts. Such pulsed misting prevented root rot and optimized growth.
Stoner’s patents spelled out the machinery behind these ideas. For example, U.S. Patent 4,514,930 (1985) covers a mist-chamber apparatus for rooting cuttings. Later patents continued to refine the concept.
In 2004 he was named as a co-inventor (with colleagues Wainwright and Bissonnette) on U.S. Patent 6,807,770, a “Low pressure aeroponic growing apparatus” assigned to AeroGrow International (the makers of the AeroGarden).
That patent described an improved misting chamber that surrounded plant roots in all directions, again highlighting Stoner’s core innovation of fine mist delivery in a closed space. (Many of the patent drawings and claims from Stoner’s era are available on Google Patents for those interested in the technical details.)
Key Contributions and Impact
With food production needing to increase by 50–70% to feed the world’s projected 9.7 billion people by 2050, efficient technologies like aeroponics are essential. Stoner’s work directly addresses this urgency by delivering faster growth, lower inputs, and pesticide-free food.
Stoner’s work proved the efficiency and productivity of aeroponic farming. Controlled studies showed that aeroponic plants often grow significantly faster and healthier than those in soil.
For instance, NASA notes that tomato seedlings grown in an aeroponic chamber could be transplanted after only 10 days, compared to 28+ days in pots.
This acceleration meant growers could achieve six crop cycles per year from the same plants, versus only one or two cycles in traditional growing. Other experiments found that aeroponic roots absorb more nutrients and yield sturdier plants (one report said aeroponic plants had up to 80% more mass than soil-grown controls). In practical terms, these breakthroughs had immediate benefits:
a. Faster propagation: By providing continuous moisture and oxygen, Stoner’s chamber made plant cloning (rooting cuttings) far more reliable. Growers reported that cuttings rooted in his Genesis system developed strong roots without stretching or shock.
Once roots were formed, the plants could be removed easily and transplanted into any other medium without setback. This high success rate revolutionized commercial nursery and greenhouse operations, which rely on quick turnover of starter plants.
b. Resource savings: Aeroponics is extraordinarily water-efficient. Multiple sources confirm 90–98% savings versus soil. For example, NASA’s public materials note that aeroponic systems use 98% less water and 60% less fertilizer than equivalent soil methods.
By eliminating soil, these systems also cut transplant time and eliminated most pesticide needs – a win for both cost and food safety. Stoner’s own experiments (and those he supported at Colorado State) emphasized these points, often citing water and fertilizer reductions as major advantages.
c. Pesticide-free growth: Because Stoner’s aeroponic chamber is closed and soilless, roots never contact pathogens. This virtually eliminates soil-borne disease and pests. NASA appreciated this, as their research on Mir and later missions required completely pesticide-free cultivation.
Stoner further collaborated with biologists on an organic plant immune system booster (the ODC formula), allowing plants to grow robustly without chemicals. In short, his methods demonstrated that clean, “microbe-managed” farming is feasible.
Perhaps most eye-opening was Stoner’s success in space research. In the late 1990s NASA flew Stoner’s aeroponic systems (plus his ODC treatment) aboard the Mir station. The agency found that not only did the systems work in microgravity, but plants on Mir even outgrew their Earth controls. These results proved that plants could thrive under Stoner’s mist-based method without gravity or soil.
As a NASA Spinoff article summarized: “Stoner took advantage of SBIR support to create… a high-performance, gravity-insensitive, enclosed aeroponic system for food production in space”.
Today, that same SBIR-derived technology is used by commercial growers on Earth for fast, year-round, pesticide-free production. In sum, Stoner showed that aeroponics could achieve the goals of speed and efficiency that food growers needed. His patented systems became the gold standard for aeroponic propagation in nurseries and greenhouses around the world.
| Method | Growing Medium | Water Usage | Oxygenation | Growth Speed | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Richard Stoner’s Aeroponics (AeroGarden) | Air/Mist | Very Low | Maximum | Very Fast | High-pressure misting system, all-in-one design |
| Deep Water Culture (DWC) | Water | High | Good | Fast | Air stones oxygenate water |
| Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) | Thin film of water | Low | Good | Fast | Nutrient film flows over roots |
Analysis: Stoner’s system offers the highest root oxygenation, resulting in faster plant growth and better nutrient uptake compared to traditional hydroponic methods.
From Lab to Living Room
In the 1990s and early 2000s, Richard Stoner continued his quest to make aeroponics accessible to everyone. He founded Garden Magic, Inc., which later became AeroGrow International, Inc.—the company behind the world-famous AeroGarden.
As indoor gardening gained popularity, the AeroGarden became one of the first fully automated, home-use aeroponic systems. By 2024, AeroGarden had sold over 2 million units worldwide, helping millions of people grow herbs, vegetables, and flowers indoors year-round.
The Technology Behind the AeroGarden
Stoner’s patents for home aeroponics included:
- US Patent 5,826,273 (1998) – Method and Apparatus for Aeroponic Farming
- US Patent 6,237,270 (2001) – Plant Growth Chamber
These patents introduced user-friendly systems designed for simplicity and efficiency. The AeroGarden featured:
- Seed pods preloaded with seeds and nutrients.
- A misting and pumping system delivering oxygen-rich nutrients to plant roots.
- LED grow lights providing optimal light for photosynthesis.
- A control panel automating watering and lighting cycles.
This innovation brought aeroponics into households around the world, making sustainable growing technology mainstream and educational.
Legacy and Lasting Influence
The market for vertical farming (including aeroponics) is projected to reach over $20 billion globally by 2029. Stoner’s early work in the 1980s and 1990s built the foundation for this explosive growth.
Richard Stoner’s legacy is seen in every modern aeroponic operation. His companies (AgriHouse/Aeroponics International and later Genesis Tech/GTI) were among the first to sell aeroponic hardware to professional growers.
These systems and patents directly inspired later ventures. For example, Stoner was involved with AeroGrow International (the Colorado firm behind the AeroGarden countertop garden).
AeroGarden’s founders adapted his ideas to create a user-friendly home appliance. By 2008 AeroGrow had shipped over 350,000 AeroGarden units, bringing aeroponics to ordinary consumers. (Even its “Plug & Grow” seed pod – now used on the ISS – came from this lineage of technology.)
More broadly, Stoner’s work underpins today’s billion-dollar indoor-farming industry. The global aeroponics market is projected in the 2020s to grow from a few billion dollars to several times that in a decade. In 2024 it was already valued around $2.39 billion. Major vertical farming companies explicitly acknowledge their debt to early aeroponic pioneers.
One recent industry report lists AeroFarms, LettUs Grow, Living Greens Farm, Altius Farms, and others as top players – all of whom employ variations of Stoner’s fine-mist, high-oxygen approach. In North America, high-tech growers now use fully-automated aeroponic units (with LEDs, sensors and robotics) that trace their roots to Stoner’s original patents.
Even space-based agriculture continues to rely on his innovations. Ongoing NASA plant studies on the International Space Station still use aeroponic chambers and seed pods derived from the AgriHouse designs. In developing cities, hydroponic/aeroponic farms (rooftops or warehouses) are built on Stoner’s principles of water recycling and closed-loop cultivation. In sum, by proving aeroponics worked at scale, Richard Stoner set a foundation that the entire modern industry is built on.
Conclusion
Richard Stoner’s journey—from agricultural researcher to technological pioneer—forever changed the way humanity grows food. His patents, innovations, and vision built the foundation of modern aeroponics, enabling food production in extreme environments, urban areas, and even space.
From NASA’s CELSS program to the millions of AeroGardens in homes today, Stoner’s impact continues to grow. His work proves that with innovation and persistence, sustainable agriculture can thrive anywhere—even in the air.
